Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a serious viral infection that affects cats across Canada and around the world. Often compared to HIV in humans, FIV weakens a cat’s immune system over time. However, it’s important to note that FIV is species-specific—it cannot be transmitted to humans or other animals.
Also known as “Feline AIDS”, this virus requires lifelong management, but with proper care, many cats with FIV can live long, healthy lives.
What is FIV?
FIV is a lentivirus, a type of virus that progresses slowly. Infected cats may not show any signs of illness for years. Once a cat contracts FIV, the infection is typically lifelong. While there is no cure, the condition can be managed with the right veterinary support and home care.
How Do Cats Get FIV?
FIV is primarily spread through deep bite wounds, where the virus in an infected cat’s saliva enters another cat’s bloodstream. This makes unneutered male cats—who are more likely to fight—especially vulnerable.
Here are the main ways FIV can be transmitted:
- Bite wounds during fights (most common)
- From mother to kitten during birth or nursing (less common)
- Rarely through grooming, unless there’s an open wound
FIV is not spread through:
- Shared food or water bowls
- Litter boxes
- Bedding
- Human contact
Cats living peacefully together are unlikely to transmit the virus to one another.
How FIV Affects a Cat’s Health
FIV targets a cat’s white blood cells, weakening the immune system over time. This makes it harder for the cat to fight off everyday bacteria, viruses, and fungi that wouldn’t normally cause illness in a healthy pet.
As the immune system deteriorates, cats become more susceptible to secondary infections, which are often the cause of illness in FIV-positive cats—not the virus itself.
Common Signs of FIV in Cats
FIV symptoms can be subtle and may take years to appear. Some cats never show signs at all. However, symptoms may include:
- Ongoing weight loss
- Low energy or lethargy
- Fever
- Inflammation of the gums or mouth (gingivitis/stomatitis)
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Recurring respiratory, skin, or digestive issues
- Eye infections
- Neurological changes (in rare cases)
If your cat is showing any of these signs, consult your veterinarian for testing and diagnosis.
How Is FIV Diagnosed?
Veterinarians use blood tests to detect FIV antibodies. If your cat tests positive, your vet may recommend additional tests to confirm the diagnosis, especially in kittens, as maternal antibodies can cause false positives.
Managing FIV in Cats
While there is no cure for FIV, many cats with the virus live full, happy lives with the right care. Here’s how to support your FIV-positive cat:
- Keep them indoors to prevent the spread of FIV and reduce exposure to infections
- Spay or neuter your cat to reduce aggressive behaviour and roaming
- Feed a high-quality, balanced diet—avoid raw food to minimize exposure to harmful bacteria
- Stay up to date on vaccinations and use regular flea and parasite prevention
- Visit your vet regularly for check-ups and early detection of secondary infections
Some antiviral medications used in human HIV treatment (like interferons or AZT) have shown promise in cats, but they can be costly and should only be used under veterinary supervision.
Can Cats with FIV Live Normal Lives?
Yes—many FIV-positive cats live for many years without serious health issues. With proper care, they can enjoy a high quality of life. Early diagnosis, regular veterinary care, and a safe, stress-free environment are key to helping your cat thrive.
Final Thoughts from Purina Canada
A diagnosis of FIV can be overwhelming, but it’s not a death sentence. With the right support and preventative care, your cat can continue to live a happy, healthy life.
For more expert advice on feline health and wellness, explore our Cat Health Articles at Purina.ca.
